Analog Design
Kevin Aylward
B.Sc.
Distortion
Reduction
With Feedback
Back
to Contents
Overview
It is shown how feedback in an amplifier
reduces amplifies distortion at the expense of a corresponding reduction in gain
for the input signal. The approach taken here is a little different from some
other standard references in that it is more directly shown that an amplifier
with a non-linear transfer function has its distortion co-efficients reduced by
a gain factor.
Analysis
A standard way of distortion analysis
considers the following schematic.
Fig. 1
Here, it is assumed that there is a
distortion error signal, D, added at the output of the amplifier. The signals
may be presumed to be instantaneous voltages or currents. With such an
assumption, the following derivation can be made:
(
V
i
−
V
o
)A+D=
V
o
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHsislcaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad+gaaeqaaOGaaiykaiaadgeacqGHRaWkcaWGebGaeyypa0JaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaaaaa@41B3@
V
o
(1+A)=A
V
i
+D
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyqaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadseaaaa@412E@
V
o
=
A
V
i
(1+A)
+
D
(1+A)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyqaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaakeaacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRiaadgeacaGGPaaaaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiraaqaaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyqaiaacMcaaaaaaa@450A@
Ostensibly, showing that the distortion
generated by the amplifier has been reduced by the factor 1+A. For an
independent interfering signal, this argument is not unduly problematic, but it
is not necessarily convincing for amplifier distortion, as the distortion in a
real amplifier is a function of the input signal.
Consider an amplifier by expressing its
output voltage as a transfer function of its input voltage by means of a
non-linear power series.
V
o
=
a
1
V
d
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
V
d
n
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadsgaaeqaaOGaey4kaSYaaabCaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gacqGH9aqpcaaIYaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aOGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGKbaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@4B34@
Where Vd is the input to the
amplifier and Vo is its output. For simplicity, the amplifier DC
offset is neglected. An expression for the feedback amplifier shown above may
be derived as follows:
V
o
=
a
1
(
V
i
−
V
o
)+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
(
V
i
−
V
o
)
n
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4BaaqabaGccaGGPaGaey4kaSYaaabCaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gacqGH9aqpcaaIYaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aOGaaiikaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHsislcaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad+gaaeqaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@53D4@
Where the input, Vd, to the amplifier is Vi-Vo.
Rearranging:
V
o
(1+
a
1
)=
a
1
V
i
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
(
V
i
−
V
o
)
n
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgUcaRmaaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaGOmaaqaaiaad6gacqGH9aqpcqGHEisPa0GaeyyeIuoakiaacIcacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@5456@
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
(
V
i
−
V
o
)
n
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=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@594D@
For typical amplifiers, an is
small, say below 0.1 or 10% (distortion) and the amplifier gain is greater than
unity, say > 10. In which case, Vi-Vo is also
relatively small. The product of two small numbers is a much smaller number,
therefore Vo can be approximated by:
V
o
∼
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiablYJi6maalaaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaakeaacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaaaa@41D7@
This approximation can then be
substituted back into the second term of the full expression:
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
(
V
i
−
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
)
n
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=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@5FFB@
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
V
i
n
(1−
a
1
(1+
a
1
)
)
n
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=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@5FE1@
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
V
i
n
(
(1+
a
1
)−
a
1
(1+
a
1
)
)
n
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=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@63F3@
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
(1+
a
1
)
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
V
i
n
(1+
a
1
)
n+1
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaakeaacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaWaaabCaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gacqGH9aqpcaaIYaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aOGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaOqaaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaaaaaaa@57BF@
However, the output voltage in this
expression for the amplifier with feedback, is not the same nominal value as
that of the amplifier without feedback. To compare apples with apples, the
input signal must be increased by (1 + ao) to obtain :
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
(
V
i
(1+
a
1
))
n
(1+
a
1
)
n+1
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaadaaeWbqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaikdaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaeyOhIukaniabggHiLdGccaGGOaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaaaaaaa@5908@
V
o
=
a
1
V
i
+
∑
n=2
n=∞
a
n
V
i
n
(1+
a
1
)
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaadaaeWbqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaikdaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaeyOhIukaniabggHiLdGccaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaaaaa@5025@
Where it can now be seen that the
amplifier output has the same main output voltage as for the non feedback case,
but that the distortion terms that existed for that condition have now been
reduced by the factor (1 + a1). It may be said that gain has been exchanged
for distortion reduction.
1 Bit A/D
Consider an amplifier driving a 1 bit
A/D converter, i.e. a comparator, as an example of very non linear system. It
is shown here that the approximation used above fails when the error is as
large as occurs in such systems. That is, the output is always either +/- Vref,
and is only grossly related to the input by way of when the input is greater or
less than zero.
This is intuitively obvious. Clearly if
the output of a block can only be one of two values by design, nothing can be
done to change those values. It is however instructive to formally show this by
the using the general feedback argument used above.
Fig. 2
Vo is either Vr or
–
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVv0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaacbaqcLbyaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiaa=nbiaaa@37B1@
Vr depending on whether A.Vd
is greater or less than zero.
It is sometimes proposed to model such a
system by the same model of Fig. 1.:
Fig. 3
For the non feedback case, an expression
for the output Vo is assumed to be of the form:
V
o
=S+D
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadofacqGHRaWkcaWGebaaaa@3B85@
That is, the wanted signal, S,
plus an error term D.
In which case, the relations for S and D
would be, for Vi > 0+:
S=A
V
i
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uaiabg2da9iaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaaa@3A90@
D=(1−
A
V
i
V
r
)
V
r
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbiqaaGpkcaWGebGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaGccaGGPaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@42C5@
V
o
=A
V
i
+(1−
A
V
i
V
r
)
V
r
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaGccaGGPaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@4685@
Because for any value Vi greater
than zero, the output, Vo, is the constant Vr. A similar
expression may be written for the case is less than zero. Applying feedback by
letting Vi -> Vi - Vo:
V
o
=A(
V
i
−
V
o
)+(1−
A(
V
i
−
V
o
)
V
r
)
V
r
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadgeacaGGOaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4BaaqabaGccaGGPaGaey4kaSIaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaadgeacaGGOaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4BaaqabaGccaGGPaaabaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaGccaGGPaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@4F1A@
V
o
(1+A−A)=A
V
i
+(1−
A
V
i
V
r
)
V
r
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaamyqaiabgkHiTiaadgeacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyqaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaGGOaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaamyqaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaakeaacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaaaakiaacMcacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaaaa@4BF3@
V
o
=A
V
i
+(1−
A
V
i
V
r
)
V
r
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYfdmGievaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH82jY=vipgYlh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaiVgFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGVbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiaadgeacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaGcbaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaGccaGGPaGaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@4684@
This expression is, as expected, clearly,
the same as the original expression, therefore, for a 1 Bit A/D, voltage/current
transfer function feedback can do nothing to the inherent signal to distortion/error
ratio.
© Kevin
Aylward 2013
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providing
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Website
last modified 17th August 2013
www.kevinaylward.co.uk